List of rulers of Estonia
The Rulers of Estonia is a list of the rulers of Estonia throughout the history. Starting with the ancient Counties and Parishes each headed by Seniores and Meliores (Elders) as noted by Henry of Livonia. The highest political institutions in Estonia during ancient times were Councils of Elders. The administrative jurisdiction of the parish and county elders were limited, the counties themselves remained autonomous [1] until the German and Danish conquest in the 13th century. Ending with the states and the rulers of states (starting from the time of the first successful Danish conquest in 1219) who either ruled or laid claims of sovereignty over some parts of the territory of present day Estonia, as well as the leaders of the independent Republic of Estonia since 1918.
Ancient counties
Title: Elder (- 1224)
Title: Elder (- 1224)
Title: Elder (- 1224)
Title: Elder (- 1224)
Title: Elder (- 1224)
Title: Elder (- 1224)
Title: Elder (- 1224)
Title: Elder (- 1224)
Title: Elder - It is probable that these men, whose names appear on a treaty with the Order of the Brethren of the Sword in 1251, were the chiefs of administrative units on Saaremaa, Muhu, and Sõrve. Their "signatures" were, in all likelihood, phonetically "Latinized" by the authors of the document.
- Ylle
- Culle
- Enu
- Muntelene
- Tappete
- Yalde
- Melete
- Cake
Title: Elder (- 1223)
- before 1211–21 September 1217 Lembitu
- 21 September 1217 - ? Unnepeve
- Meeme
Title: Elder (- 1224)
Title: Elder (- 1224)
Title: Elder (- 1224)
Title: Grand Prince of Kiev, rulers over parts of Ugaunia (1030 - 1061)
Title: Prince of Novgorod, subject to the Grand Prince of Kiev
Title: Bishop (1208-1211; 1224-1228), ruler over parts of Southern Estonia (1208-1211) and parts of Western Estonia (1224-1228), occupied in the Livonian crusade.
Title: Bishop (1211-1224), rulers over parts of mainland Estonia, occupied in the Livonian crusade
Title: Bishop (1224 – 1558), rulers over Southeastern Estonia
- 1224 - 1247 Hermann I von Buxhöwden
- 1247 - 1251 vacant
- 1251 - 1263 Unknown person
- 1263 - 1268 Alexander
- 1268 - 1288 Friedrich von Haseldorf
- 1289 - 1299 Bernhard I
- 1303 - 1312 Dietrich II Vyshusen
- 1312 - 1313 vacant
- 1313 - 1323 Nikolaus (acting)
- 1323 - 1341 Engelbert von Dolen
- 1341 - 1342 vacant
- 1342 - 1344 Wescelus
- 1344 - 1346 vacant
- 1346 - 1373 Johannes I Viffhusen
- 1373 - 1377 Heinrich I Velde
- 1377 - 1379 vacant
- 1379 - 1400 Dietrich III Damerow
- 1400 - 1400 vacant
- 1400 - 1410 Heinrich II Wrangel
- 1410 - 1411 vacant
- 1411 - 1413 Bernhard II Bülow
- 1413 - 1440 Dietrich IV Resler
- 1440 - 1442 vacant
- 1442 - 1459 Bartholomäus Savijerwe
- 1459 - 1468 Helmich von Mallinkrodt
- 1468 - 1468 vacant
- 1468 - 1473 Andreas Peper
- 1473 - 1473 vacant
- 1473 - 1485 Johannes II Bertkow
- 1485 - 1485 vacant
- 1485 - 1498 Dietrich V Hake
- 1498 - 1499 vacant
- 1499 - 1505 Johannes III von der Rope
- 1505 - 1513 Gerhard Schrove
- 1513 - 1514 vacant
- 1514 - 1514 Johannes IV Duesborg
- 1514 - 1518 Christian Bomhower
- 1518 - 1518 vacant
- 1518 - 1527 Johannes V Blankenfeld, Archbishop of Riga (1524-1527)
- 1527 - 1532 vacant
- 1532 - 1543 Johannes VII Bey
- 1543 - 1544 vacant
- 1544 - 1551 Jodokus von der Recke (Jost von der Recke)
- 1551 - 1554 vacant
- 1554 - 1558 Hermann II Wesel
Title: Bishop (1 October 1228 – 1559)
- 1228 - 1229 Gottfried
- 1229 - 1234 vacant
- 1234 - 1260 Heinrich I
- 1260 - 1262 vacant
- 1262 - 1285? Herman I de Bekeshoevede
- 1285? - 1290? vacant
- 1290? - 1294 Heinrich II
- 1294 - 1297? vacant
- 1297? - 1307? Konrad I
- 1307? - 1310 vacant
- 1310 - 1321 Hartung (Garttungus)
- 1321 - 1322 vacant
- 1322 - 1337 Jakob
- 1337 - 1338 vacant
- 1338 - 1362 Hermann II Osenbrügge
- 1362 - 1363 vacant
- 1363 - 1374 Konrad II
- 1374 - 1381 Heinrich III
- 1381 - 1385 vacant
- 1385 - 1419 Winrich von Kniprode
- 1419 - 1420 vacant
- 1420 - 1423 Kaspar Schuwenflug
- 1423 - 1423 vacant
- 1423 - 1432 Christian Kuband
- 1432 - 1432 vacant
- 1432 - 1438 Johannes I Schutte
- 1438 - 1439 vacant
- 1439 - 1449 Ludolf Grove (acting)
- 1449 - 1449 Ludolf Grove (acting in Saaremaa (Ösel)); Johannes II Creul (in Läänemaa (Wiek); Bishop since 1939)
- 1449 - 1457 Ludolf Grove (in Saaremaa (Ösel)); Johannes II Creul (in Läänemaa (Wiek))
- 1457 - 1458 Ludolf Grove
- 1458 - 1458 vacant
- 1458 - 1463 Johannes Vatelkanne (acting)
- 1463 - 1468 Johannes Vatelkanne (acting); Jodokus Hoenstein (Bishop since 1460)
- 1468 - 1471 Jodokus Hoenstein
- 1471 - 1471 vacant
- 1471 - 1491 Peter Wedberg (Wetberch)
- 1491 - 1515 Johannes III Orgas
- 1515 - 1527 Johannes IV Kievel
- 1527 - 1527 vacant
- 1527 - 1530 Georg von Tiesenhausen
- 1530 - 1532 vacant
- 1532 - 1541 Reinhold von Buxhövden
- 1532 - 1534 Reinhold von Buxhövden (in Saaremaa (Ösel); Wilhelm (acting in Läänemaa (Wiek))
- 1534 - 1541 Reinhold von Buxhövden
- 1541 - 1542 vacant
- 1542 - 1559 Johannes V von Münchhausen
- 1559 - 1572 Magnus, Duke of Holstein
- 1572 - 1573 vacant
States
Title: Grand Prince Rulers over parts of Ugaunia (1030 - 1061)
Title: King (1219–1346) Rulers over Harria and Vironia
Title: Grand Master of Livonia (1237–1561) Rulers over Saccala or Sackalia (fiefdom of the Bishopric of Dorpat and Jervia
- 1237-1238 Hermann Balk (Balke)
- 1238-1241 Dietrich von Grüningen
- 1241-1244 Andreas von Velven (Felben)
- 1244-1245 Heinrich von Heimburg
- 1245-1247 Dietrich von Grüningen
- 1247-1253 Andreas von Stirland
- 1253-1254 Eberhard von Seine (Seyn)
- 1254-1257 Anno von Sangershausen
- 1257-1261 Burchard von Hornhausen
- 1261 ....... Georg von Eichstadt
- 1261-1263 Werner von Breithausen
- 1263-1266 Konrad von Mandern (Manstadt)
- 1266-1270 Otto von Lutterberg
- 1271 ....... Andreas von Westphalen
- 1271-1273 Walther von Nordeck (Nortecken)
- 1273-1279 Ernst von Ratzeburg (Rassburg)
- 1279-1280 Gerhard von Katzenelnbogen
- 1280-1282 Konrad von Feuchtwangen
- 1282 ....... Mangold von Sternberg (Manhold von Sternberg)
- 1282-1288 Wilhelm von Nindorf (Wilken von Endorp, Willekin von Endorp)
- 1288-1290 Konrad von Hazzigenstein (Konrad von Hattstein, Konrad von Herzogenstein)
- 1290-1293 Halt von Hohembach (Balthasar Holte)
- 1294-1295 Heinrich von Dinkelaghe (Heinrich II von Dumpshagen)
- 1296-1298 Bruno
- 1298-1305 Gottfried von Rogge
- 1305-1306 Wennemar I
- 1307-1322 Gerhard von Jork (Gerhard II von Jocke, Conrad von Jocke or Conrad von Jorke)
- 1322-1324 Konrad Kesselhut (Konrad Ketelhoed, Johannes Ungenade)
- 1324-1328 Reimar Hane
- 1328-1340 Eberhard von Monheim
- 1340-1345 Burchard von Dreileben
- 1345-1359 Goswin von Herike
- 1359-1364 Arnold von Vietinghof
- 1364-1385 Wilhelm von Friemersheim (Vrymersheim, Vrimersheim)
- 1385-1388 Robin von Eltz
- 1388-1389 Johann von Ohle
- 1389-1401 Wennemar von Bruggenei (Wennemar Hasenkamp von Brüggeneye, Wolmer von Brüggeney)
- 1401-1413 Konrad von Vietinghof
- 1413-1415 Dietrich Tork
- 1415-1424 Siegfried Lander von Spanheim
- 1424-1433 Cysse von Rutenberg (Zisse, Cisse von dem Rutenberg)
- 1433-1435 Frank von Kersdorf
- 1435-1437 Heinrich von Bockenvorde (Schüngel)
- 1438-1450 Heinrich Vincke von Oberbergen (Overberg)
- 1450-1469 Johann von Mengeden (Osthoff)
- 1470-1471 Johann Wolthus von Herse
- 1471-1483 Bernhard von der Borch
- 1483-1494 Johann Freitag von Loringhoven
- 1494-1535 Wolter von Plettenberg
- 1535-1549 Hermann von Bruggenei (Hermann Hasenkamp von Brüggeneye)
- 1549-1551 Johann von der Recke
- 1551-1557 Heinrich von Galen
- 1557-1559 Johann Wilhelm von Fürstenberg
- 1559-1561 Gotthard Kettler
Title: King (1561 – 1569)
Title: King (1569 – 1572)
Title: Electoral King (1572 - 1586)
Title: King (1587 – 1660)
Swedish Governors
Russian Governors
- 1710 - 1711 Rudolph Felix Bauer - General-Governor
- 1711 - 1719 Prince Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov - General-Governor
- 1719 - 1728 Count Fyodor Matveyevich Apraksin - General-Governor
- 1728 - 1736 Friedrich Baron von Löwen
- 1736 - 1738 Sebastian Ernst von Manstein
- 1738 - 1740 Gustaf Otto Douglas
- 1740 - 1743 Woldemar von Löwendahl
- 1743 - 1753 Peter August Friedrich von Holstein-Beck (1696-1775)
- 1753 - 1758 Prince Vladimir Petrovich Dolgorukiy
- 1758 - 1775 Peter August Friedrich von Holstein-Beck - General-Governor
- 1775 - 1792 Count George Browne - General-Governor
- 1783 - 1786 Georg Friedrich von Grotenhielm
- 1786 - 1797 Heinrich Johann Baron von Wrangell
- 1797 - 1808 Andreas von Langell
- 1808 - 1809 Peter Friedrich Georg von Oldenburg (1784-1812)
- 1809 - 1811 Vacant
- 1811 - 1816 Grand Duke Paul Friedrich August von Oldenburg (1783-1853)
- 1816 - 1819 Berend Baron Üxküll
- 1819 - 1832 Gotthard Wilhelm Baron Budberg von Bönninghausen
- 1832 - 1833 Otto Wilhelm von Essen
- 1833 - 1841 Paul Friedrich von Benckendorff
- 1842 - 1859 Johann Christoph Engelbrecht von Grünewaldt
- 1859 - 1868 Wilhelm Otto Cornelius Alexander Ulrich
- 1868 - 1870 Mikhail Nikolaiyevich Galkin-Vraskoy
- 1870 - 1875 Prince Mikhail Valentinovich Shakhovskoiy-Glebov-Strezhnev
- 1875 - 1885 Viktor Petrovich Polivanov
- 1885 - 1894 Prince Sergey Vladimirovich
- 1894 - 1902 Yefstafiy Nikolaiyevich Skalon
- 1902 - 1905 Aleksey Valerianovich Bellegarde
- 1905 - 1906 Nikolay Georgiyevich von Bünting
- 1906 - 1907 Pyotr Petrovich Bashilov
- 1907 - 1915 Izmail Vladimirovich Korostovetch
- 1915 - 1917 Pyotr Vladimirovich Veryovkin
Title: Chairman (1917)
Title: Prime Minister (1917)
Title: Emperor (1917–1918)
The October Revolution of 1917 era
(independent de facto)
Title: Chairman of the Soviet Executive Committee of Estonia (Eestimaa Nõukogude Täitevkomitee esimees) (1917–1918)
- Jaan Anvelt (5 November (23 October) 1917 - 4 March 1918)
(independent de jure)
Title: Gouvernement Commissioner (Kubermangukomissar) (1917 - 1918)
- Jaan Poska (28 November (15 November) 1917 - 24 February 1918)
Title: Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (Rahvakomissaride Nõukogu esimees) (1917 - 1918)
Title: Prime Minister of the Estonian Provisional Government (Peaminister) (1918 - 1919)
Title: Prime Minister (Peaminister) (1919 - 1920)
Title: Head of State (Riigivanem) (1920 - 1934)
- Ants Piip (20 December 1920-25 January 1921)
- Konstantin Päts (25 January 1921-21 November 1922)
- Juhan (Johann) Kukk (21 November 1922-2 August 1923)
- Konstantin Päts (2 August 1923-26 March 1924)
- Friedrich Karl Akel (26 March 1924-16 December 1924)
- Jüri Jaakson (16 December 1924-15 December 1925)
- Jaan Teemant (15 December 1925-9 December 1927)
- Jaan Tõnisson (9 December 1927-4 December 1928)
- August Rei (4 December 1928-9 July 1929)
- Otto August Strandman (9 July 1929-12 February 1931)
- Konstantin Päts (12 February 1931-19 February 1932)
- Jaan Teemant (19 February 1932-19 July 1932)
- Kaarel Eenpalu (19 July 1932-1 November 1932)
- Konstantin Päts (1 November 1932-18 May 1933)
- Jaan Tõnisson (18 May 1933-21 October 1933)
- Konstantin Päts (21 October 1933-24 January 1934)
Title: Prime Minister acting Head of State (Peaminister Riigivanema ülesannetes) (1934 - 1937)
- Konstantin Päts (24 January 1934 - 3 September 1937)
Title: President-Regent (Riigihoidja) (1937 - 1938)
- Konstantin Päts (3 September 1937 - 24 April 1938)
Title: President of the Republic (1938 - 1940)
- Konstantin Päts (24 April 1938 - 21 June 1940)
- Johannes Vares (21 June – 21 July 1940 (Prime Minister acting as the President of Repuvblic, Soviet-installed collaborant)
Title: Prime Minister acting President (Peaminister Vabariigi Presidendi ülesandeis) (1940 - 1992)
Title: Acting Prime Minister (Peaministri asetäitja) (since 1944)
Title: Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia (in the body of Soviet Union) (1990 - 1991)
Title: Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia (Eesti Vabariigi Ülemnõukogu esimees) (1991 - 1992)
Title: President (since 1992)
Title: Regent Councillor (1918)
Title: Chairman of the Council of The Commune of the Working People of Estonia (Eesti Töörahva Komuuna Nõukogu esimees) (1918 - 1919)
Title: Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of Estonian SSR (Eesti NSV Ülemnõukogu Presiidiumi esimees) (1940 - 1988)
Title: Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of Estonian SSR (independent) (1988 - 1990)
Title: Secretary General of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (NLKP Keskkomitee peasekretär) (1940 - 1991)
Title: Führer und Reichskanzler (1941 - 1944)
References
- ^ Raun, Toivo (2001). Estonia and the Estonians. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University. pp. 12. ISBN 0817928529.
See also